Insights from a cross-sectional binational study comparing obesity among nonimmigrant Colombians in their home country and Colombian immigrants in the U.S.

BACKGROUND: Latinos in the United States (U.S.) represent a heterogeneous minority population disproportionally impacted by obesity. Colombians in the U.S. are routinely combined with other South Americans in most obesity studies. Moreover, most studies among Latino immigrants in the U.S. solely focus on factors in the destination context, which largely ignores the prevalence of obesity and contextual factors in their country of origin, and warrant transnational investigations. METHODS: Using 2013-17 data from the New York City Community Health Survey (NYC CHS, U.S.) and the National Survey of the Nutritional Situation (ENSIN, Colombia), Colombians that immigrated to the U.S. and are living in NYC (n = 503) were compared to nonimmigrant Colombians living in their home country (n = 98,829). Prevalence ratios (PR) for obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) by place of residence were estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was 49% greater for immigrant Colombians living in NYC when compared to nonimmigrant Colombians living in in their home country (PR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.08, 2.07). Colombian immigrant men in NYC were 72% more likely to have obesity compared to nonimmigrant men living in their home country (PR = 1.72; 95% CI 1.03, 2.87). No significant differences were found in the adjusted models among women. CONCLUSIONS: Colombian immigrants in NYC exhibit a higher prevalence of obesity compared to their nonimmigrant counterparts back home and sex strengthens this relationship. More obesity research is needed to understand the immigration experience of Colombians in the U.S. and the underlying mechanisms for sex difference. Public health action focused on women in Colombia and both Colombian men and women immigrants in the U.S. is warranted to avert the long-term consequences of obesity.

Cuidados populares de las enfermedades crónicas entre indígenas Pijao durante la pandemia por Covid-19 / Folk care of chronic diseases among Pijao indigenous people during the Covid-19 pandemic

Justificación: la pandemia por Covid-19 ocasionó interrupción de los servicios dirigidos a atender las enfermedades crónicas provocando reajustes en el cuidado de los pacientes. Objetivo: Describir los cuidados populares empleados por los indígenas Pijao para el tratamiento y control de enfermedades crónicas, en contexto de pandemia, en Bogotá (Colombia). Metodología: Estudio cualitativo de tipo micro-etnográfico. Participaron 16 indígenas Pijao. Los datos, recolectados por medio de entrevistas y observación, fueron analizados temáticamente. Resultados: emergieron tres categorías, (1) del territorio de origen a la ciudad: cuidados populares para el tratamiento de las de enfermedades, (2) viviendo con la enfermedad: signos y síntomas de las de enfermedades, y (3) procura de otros recursos para el cuidado: autoatención y apoyo familiar. Conclusión: la trayectoria de cuidado de los Pijao con enfermedades crónicas fue permeada por la pandemia, convirtiendo los cuidados populares, caracterizados por un sincretismo de saberes, en parte fundamental de su rutina de cuidados. (AU)

Justification: The Covid-19 pandemic caused an interruption in the services aimed at attending to chronic diseases, resulting in readjustments in the care of patients. Objective: To describe the popular care used by the Pijao indigenous people for treating and controlling chronic diseases in the context of the pandemic in Bogotá (Colombia). Methodology: Qualitative micro-ethnographic study. Sixteen Pijao indigenous people participated. The data collected through interviews and observation were analyzed thematically. Results, three categories emerged: (1) from the territory of origin to the city: popular care for the treatment of illnesses, (2) living with the illness: signs and symptoms of illnesses, and (3) seeking other resources for care: self-attention and family support. Conclusion: the care trajectory of the Pijao with chronic diseases was permeated by the pandemic, turning popular care, characterized by a syncretism of knowledge, into a fundamental part of their care routine. (AU)

Retos de ser mujer trans en Colombia: aspectos asociados a sus condiciones de vida / Challenges of being a trans woman in Colombia: aspects associated with living conditions

Colombia es un país cisnormativo en el cual durante los últimos años ha cobrado relevancia las discusiones y acciones en pro del bienestar y la salud de las mujeres trans. De esta manera, en el presente artículo presentamos los retos de las mujeres trans asociados a sus condiciones de vida a partir de una revisión bibliográfica en Colombia de la literatura publicada entre 2010 y 2020. Los hallazgos dan cuenta de escasos estudios sobre las mujeres trans, así como las cualidades y procesos cotidianos de reproducción social que interfieren en el goce y protección de sus derechos asociados a las situaciones de estigma, discriminación y violencias que enfrentan por su identidad de género no hegemónica. Esto impacta negativamente en sus condiciones de vida, su salud y bienestar, y perpetúa las inequidades e injusticias que tienen que enfrentar y han enfrentado de manera estructural e histórica. (AU)

Colombia is a cisnormativecountry in which discussions and actions for the welfare and health of trans women have gained relevance in recent years. In this way, this article presents the challenges of trans women associated with their living conditions based on a bibliographic review in Colombia of the literature published in the last five years. The findings reveal the scarcity of studies on trans women, as well as the qualities and daily processes of social reproduction that interfere in the enjoyment and protection of their rights associated with situ-ations of stigma, discrimination, and violence they face because of their non-hegemonic gender identity. This has a negative impact on their living conditions, health, and well-being, and perpetuates the inequities and injustices they have to face and have faced structurally and historically. (AU)

Characterization of the dietary and sociodemographic profile of a group of Colombian vegetarian women in childbearing age during the period 2021-2022 / Caracterização do perfil alimentar e sociodemográfico de um grupo de mulheres vegetarianas colombianas em idade fértil no período 2021-2022

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the dietary and sociodemographic profile of vegetarian women of childbearing age (18 and 49 years) from the Valle de Aburrá Metropolitan Area in 2021-2022 Methods Through an online survey, 232 vegetarian and vegan women of childbearing age (18 to 49 years) from the Valle de Aburrá Metropolitan Area were surveyed regarding their sociodemographic characteristics, amount of time following this eating pattern and, type and reason for choosing vegetarianism, physical activity, use of nutritional supplements and frequency of consumption of certain food groups. Descriptive analyses, association of variables with the type of vegetarianism and multinomial regression models were performed. Results A total of 232 vegetarian women were surveyed: 60.8% were between 18 and 30 years of age and belonged mainly to the middle class. According to the type of diet, 68.1% used an ovo-lacto-vegetarian diet, 18.1% were vegan, 9.0% lacto-vegetarian and 4.8% ovo-vegetarian. Among the factors evaluated in their potential relationship with the different types of vegetarianism, it is highlighted that vitamin B12 supplementation presents a statistically significant association when using veganism as a comparison category. Conclusion According to the results, among young female adults the vegetarian eating style predominates, without significant differences as to the educational level, adequate levels of physical activity in most of the population; there was a higher prevalence of ovo-lacto-vegetarianism. Vitamin B12 supplementation was significantly higher in the vegan population, indicating that ovo-lacto and ovo-vegetarian populations may be at high risk of vitamin B12 deficiency.

RESUMO Objetivo O estudo objetivou determinar a associação entre o perfil sociodemográfico e alimentar de mulheres vegetarianas em idade fértil (18 a 49 anos) na região metropolitana de Valle de Aburrá (Colômbia) em 2021-2022. Métodos Por meio de um questionário online, 232 mulheres vegetarianas e veganas em idade fértil (18 a 49 anos) pertencentes à região metropolitana de Valle de Aburrá foram entrevistadas sobre suas características sociodemográficas, tempo, tipo e motivo da escolha do vegetarianismo, atividade física, consumo de suplementos nutricionais e frequência de consumo dos grupos dos alimentos. Foi realizada análise descritiva, associação das variáveis com o tipo de vegetarianismo e modelos de regressão multinomial. Resultados Foram entrevistadas 232 mulheres vegetarianas: 60,8% tinham entre 18 e 30 anos e pertencem principalmente à classe social média. De acordo com o tipo de dieta, 68,1% tinham uma dieta ovolactovegetariana; 18,1%, vegana; 9%, lactovegetariana; e 4,8%, ovovegetariana. Entre os fatores avaliados em sua possível relação com os diferentes tipos de vegetarianismo, destaca-se que a suplementação de vitamina B12 apresenta associação estatisticamente significativa ao ter o veganismo como categoria de comparação. Conclusão De acordo com os resultados, entre mulheres adultas jovens, predomina o estilo alimentar vegetariano, sem diferença significativa observada no nível de escolaridade e níveis adequados de atividade física na maioria da população; há também maior prevalência de ovolactovegetarianismo. A suplementação de vitamina B12 é significativamente maior na população vegana, indicando um alto risco de deficiência nas populações ovolacto e ovovegetarianas.

Association between VDR Gene Polymorphisms and Melanoma Susceptibility in a Colombian Population.

BACKGROUND: The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is responsible for mediating the effects of vitamin D through regulation of other gene transcriptions. There are several polymorphisms that alter the gene expression or the function of this protein. We aimed to analyze the association between two SNPs  of VDR gene and melanoma cancer in Colombian patients. METHODS: We included 120 healthy individual as controls and 120 melanoma cancer patients as cases . Patients in both groups were matched in terms of gender and age. The genotyping of rs731236 and rs2228570 polymorphisms was performed using PCR-RFLP. The SNPStats program was used to carry out the statistical analysis through a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Under dominant model, we found that rs2228570 polymorphism was associated with melanoma cancer risk (C/C vs C/T-T/T, OR: 5.10, 95% CI: 2.85-9.14), whereas rs731236 polymorphism was associated with a protective effect against this cancer (T/T vs T/C, OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.14-0.53). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that both polymorphisms were involved in the development of melanoma cancer, increasing or decreasing this risk.

Calidad global de la alimentación en la poblacion migrante residente en Chile / Global food quality in the migrant population residing in Chile

Introducción: el proceso de migración involucra cambio, modificación o adquisición de nuevos patrones y formas de alimentación, los cuales no siempre impactan de manera positiva en la salud de los migrantes, siendo frecuentemente asociadas a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas y malnutrición por exceso cuando la calidad de la alimentación no es la adecuada. Objetivo: analizar el índice de calidad global de la alimentación (ICGA) en la población migrante colombiana en Chile, comparándola con la población chilena y la colombiana no migrante. Material y métodos: el total de la muestra fue de 834 individuos mayores de 18 años: 206 migrantes colombianos residiendo en Chile, 266 colombianos residentes en Colombia y 362 chilenos. Se les aplicó una encuesta de índice de calidad global de la alimentación para categorizar cuán saludable es el patrón alimentario de los participantes. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas en todos los puntajes analizados del ICGA en cuanto a alimentos saludables, no saludables y por tiempos de comidas. Se observó que los colombianos residentes en Colombia cuentan con el mayor puntaje de clasificación saludable mientras que los colombianos migrantes presentan las más altas cifras dentro de la condición poco saludable. En cuanto a los tiempos de comida, los chilenos son los que menos cumplen con los horarios. No obstante, destacan otras influencias relacionadas con los grupos de alimentos. Conclusión: es necesario ahondar en las variables vinculadas al contexto sociodemográfico, analizar los potenciales cambios en el tiempo y replicar la investigación en migrantes de otras nacionalidades para contar con mayores antecedentes sobre la relación entre la calidad de la alimentación y el proceso migratorio. (AU)

Introduction: the migration process involves change, modification, or acquisition of new eating patterns and ways of eating, which do not always positively impact the health of migrants, being frequently associated with a higher risk of metabolic diseases and excess malnutrition when the quality of food is not adequate. Objective: to analyze the global food quality index (GQI) in the Colombian migrant population in Chile, comparing it with the Chilean population and non-migrant Colombians. Material and methods: the total sample consisted of 834 individuals over 18 years of age — 206 Colombian migrants residing in Chile, 266 Colombians residing in Colombia, and 362 Chileans. A global food quality index survey was applied to categorize the healthiness of the participants' dietary patterns. Results: there were significant differences in all the ICGA scores analyzed regarding healthy foods, unhealthy foods, and mealtimes. It was observed that Colombians residing in Colombia have the highest score in the healthy classification, while Colombian migrants have the highest figures in the unhealthy condition. Regarding meal times, Chileans are the least compliant with meal times. However, other influences related to food groups stand out. Conclusion: it is necessary to delve deeper into variables linked to the sociodemographic context, analyze potential changes over time, and replicate in migrants of other nationalities to have more information on the relationship between food quality and the migration process. (AU)

[Global food quality in the migrant population residing in Chile]. / Calidad global de la alimentación en la poblacion migrante residente en Chile.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the migration process involves change, modification, or acquisition of new eating patterns and ways of eating, which do not always positively impact the health of migrants, being frequently associated with a higher risk of metabolic diseases and excess malnutrition when the quality of food is not adequate. Objective: to analyze the global food quality index (GQI) in the Colombian migrant population in Chile, comparing it with the Chilean population and non-migrant Colombians. Methods: the total sample consisted of 834 individuals over 18 years of age - 206 Colombian migrants residing in Chile, 266 Colombians residing in Colombia, and 362 Chileans. A global food quality index survey was applied to categorize the healthiness of the participants' dietary patterns. Results: there were significant differences in all the ICGA scores analyzed regarding healthy foods, unhealthy foods, and mealtimes. It was observed that Colombians residing in Colombia have the highest score in the healthy classification, while Colombian migrants have the highest figures in the unhealthy condition. Regarding meal times, Chileans are the least compliant with meal times. However, other influences related to food groups stand out. Conclusion: it is necessary to delve deeper into variables linked to the sociodemographic context, analyze potential changes over time, and replicate in migrants of other nationalities to have more information on the relationship between food quality and the migration process.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el proceso de migración involucra cambio, modificación o adquisición de nuevos patrones y formas de alimentación, los cuales no siempre impactan de manera positiva en la salud de los migrantes, siendo frecuentemente asociadas a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas y malnutrición por exceso cuando la calidad de la alimentación no es la adecuada. Objetivo: analizar el índice de calidad global de la alimentación (ICGA) en la población migrante colombiana en Chile, comparándola con la población chilena y la colombiana no migrante. Material y método: el total de la muestra fue de 834 individuos mayores de 18 años: 206 migrantes colombianos residiendo en Chile, 266 colombianos residentes en Colombia y 362 chilenos. Se les aplicó una encuesta de índice de calidad global de la alimentación para categorizar cuán saludable es el patrón alimentario de los participantes. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas en todos los puntajes analizados del ICGA en cuanto a alimentos saludables, no saludables y por tiempos de comidas. Se observó que los colombianos residentes en Colombia cuentan con el mayor puntaje de clasificación saludable mientras que los colombianos migrantes presentan las más altas cifras dentro de la condición poco saludable. En cuanto a los tiempos de comida, los chilenos son los que menos cumplen con los horarios. No obstante, destacan otras influencias relacionadas con los grupos de alimentos. Conclusión: es necesario ahondar en las variables vinculadas al contexto sociodemográfico, analizar los potenciales cambios en el tiempo y replicar la investigación en migrantes de otras nacionalidades para contar con mayores antecedentes sobre la relación entre la calidad de la alimentación y el proceso migratorio.

Invenciones frente a lo traumático de la violencia: memoria afirmativa de un pueblo afrocolombiano / Invenções contra o traumático da violência: memória afirmativa de um povo afro-colombiano / Inventions against the traumatic of violence: affirmative memory of an afro-colombian people

Resumen La memoria colectiva afirmativa se compone de significados y emociones positivas que por efecto del recuerdo enlazan a una comunidad. El propósito de este estudio fue conocer la memoria afirmativa de la comunidad afrocolombiana de La Balsa, Cauca, que vivió el conflicto armado durante diez años. Es un estudio cualitativo descriptivo que utilizó la técnica de entrevistas individuales con 6 personas y grupos focales con 99 personas. Se realizó un análisis de contenido. Como hallazgos encontramos que los balseños otorgan un papel decisivo a su memoria afirmativa, que exalta sus orígenes ancestrales, familiares, sus prácticas culturales, la etno educación y procesos vigorosos de organización social, que les otorgó un nuevo lugar como agentes sociales. Se concluye que la memoria afirmativa proporciona recursos simbólicos y emocionales para que las comunidades inventen formas de resistencia ciudadana y se reparen de situaciones de violencia, como el caso de la comunidad balseña.

Resumo A memória coletiva afirmativa é composta de significados positivos e emoções que, através do efeito da memória, ligam uma comunidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a memória afirmativo da comunidade afro-colombiana de La Balsa, Cauca, que viveu o conflito armado colombiano durante dez anos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo qualitativo, que utilizou a técnica de entrevistas individuais com 6 pessoas e grupos focais com 99 pessoas. Uma análise de conteúdo foi realizada. Entre os resultados, se tem que os "balseños" concedem um rol decisivo à sua memória afirmativa, exaltando suas origens ancestrais e familiares, práticas culturais, educação étnica e processos vigorosos de organização social que lhes deu um novo lugar como agentes sociais. A principal conclusão foi que a memória afirmativa fornece recursos simbólicos e emocionais para que as comunidades inventem formas de resistência cidadã e reparem as situações de violência, como no caso da comunidade "balseña".

Abstract The affirmative collective memory is composed of positive meanings and emotions that, as a result of memory, link a community. The purpose of this study was to know the affirmative memory of the Afro-Colombian community of La Balsa, Cauca, which lived through the armed conflict for ten years. It is a descriptive qualitative study that used the technique of individual interviews with 6 people and focal groups with 99 people. A content analysis was carried out. We find that the balseños give a decisive role to their affirmative memory, which exalts their ancestral and family origins, their cultural practices, ethno-education and vigorous processes of social organization, which gave them a new place as social agents. It is concluded that affirmative memory provides symbolic and emotional resources for the communities to invent forms of citizen resistance and recover from situations of violence, such as the case of the "Balseña" community.

Change in health profile of refugees resettling in New Zealand, 1980-2014.

AIM: To update data previously published on the health profile of the refugees resettling in New Zealand, and to draw attention to the change in health profile over time, with a decline of infectious disease/deficiencies, and a rise of non-communicable diseases, a worldwide phenomenon. METHOD: Comparative data was extracted from (1) written annual reports prepared by medical officers at the Mangere Refugee Resettlement Centre (1978-1991), (2) a Microsoft ACCESS patient management system between 1995 and 1999 and (3) a MEDTECH patient management system between 2010 and 2014. RESULTS: Over the period 1979-2014, the rate of infectious diseases has declined markedly in resettling refugees, and the rate of non-communicable diseases has increased. For example, the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased from 4% to 0.2%, gut parasites from more than 40% to, in some intakes, 15% and iron deficiency from 22% to 10%, while the diabetes rate has gone from 0.1% to 2.7%. CONCLUSION: While management of unfamiliar infectious diseases and deficiencies (especially vitamin D) still remains an important part of the management of refugee health, their management usually involves limited time and expense, and their burden is much less than before. However, refugees now resettling in New Zealand and the rest of the world often present with familiar non-communicable diseases that require long-term management.

Estado nutricional en escolares indígenas y afrodescendientes del departamento del Valle del Cauca - Colombia / Nutritional status in indigenous and afrodescendant schoolchildren from the department of Valle del Cauca - Colombia

FUNDAMENTOS: El estado nutricional es un factor determinante en la salud de los humanos. Existen poblaciones más vulnerables por la condición étnica y territorial. El objetivo de la presenta investigación fue evaluar el estado nutricional en escolares indígenas y afrodescendientes del departamento del Valle del Cauca - Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en 4537 escolares afrocolombianos y 292 escolares indígenas de 5 a 18 años a los que se les determino el estado nutricional utilizando los patrones de la OMS. RESULTADOS: En las etnias indígena y afrocolombiana el 49,7% y el 48,9% respectivamente, son de sexo femenino. En los escolares étnicos del valle del cauca el retraso de talla baja para la edad es de 1,5% y 11,6% para los afrocolombianos e indígenas respectivamente. El exceso de peso es de 35% en los afrocolombianos y de 22,2% en los indígenas. Encontrando que los escolares indígenas se ven más afectados por el déficit. En contraste, los afrocolombianos se ven más afectados por el exceso de peso. CONCLUSIONES:Las poblaciones escolares étnicas del Valle del Cauca, presentan malnutrición ubicándose en los diferentes extremos de la curva los indígenas con el retraso en talla y los afrocolombianos con el sobrepeso y la obesidad

BACKGROUND: Nutritional status is a determining factor in human health. There are more vulnerable populations due to ethnic and territorial condition. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the nutritional status of indigenous and Afro-descendant schoolchildren from the department of Valle del Cauca -Colombia. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out on 4,537 Afro-Colombian schoolchildren and 292 indigenous schoolchildren between the ages of 5 and 18, whose nutritional status was determined using WHO standards. RESULTS:In the indigenous and Afro-Colombian ethnic groups, 49.7% and 48.9%, respectively, are female. the ethnic schoolchildren of the Valle del Cauca the delay of short stature for the age is of 1.5% and 11.6% for the afrocolombianos and indigenous respectively. Excess weight is 35% in Afro-Colombians and 22.2% in indigenous people. Finding that indigenous schoolchildren are more affected by the deficit. In contrast, Afro-Colombians are more affected by excess weight. CONCLUSIONS: The ethnic school populations of Valle del Cauca, present malnutrition, are being located at the different ends of the curve: indigenous people with delayed height and Afro-Colombians with overweight andobesity

Opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency during adolescence in nine countries.

This study tested culture-general and culture-specific aspects of adolescent developmental processes by focusing on opportunities and peer support for aggressive and delinquent behavior, which could help account for cultural similarities and differences in problem behavior during adolescence. Adolescents from 12 cultural groups in 9 countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States) provided data at ages 12, 14, and 15. Variance in opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency, as well as aggressive and delinquent behavior, was greater within than between cultures. Across cultural groups, opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency increased from early to mid-adolescence. Consistently across diverse cultural groups, opportunities and peer support for aggression and delinquency predicted subsequent aggressive and delinquent behavior, even after controlling for prior aggressive and delinquent behavior. The findings illustrate ways that international collaborative research can contribute to developmental science by embedding the study of development within cultural contexts.

Prevalencia de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en migrantes colombianos en Chile

Background: Migratory processes may affect mental health. Data on the health status of migrants are necessary for an adequate public health approach. Aim: To describe the prevalence of anxious and depressive symptoms in Colombian migrants living in Chile and to compare it with the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Beck and BDI scales for depression and BAI anxiety scale were applied to 1,932 participants living in Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago. Of these, 976 participants (51% women) aged 35 ± 10 years were first generation Colombian migrants and 956 participants aged 34 ± 14 years were Chilean. Results: The scores for depressive and anxious symptoms were higher in Chileans than in Colombians. Women reported worse mental health in both groups. Chilean and Colombian respondents residing in Arica and Antofagasta had a higher degree of anxiety and depression than their counterparts residing in Santiago. Conclusions: Chileans have worse mental health indicators than Colombian migrants. There are differences by sex and city of residence.

Morphological evaluation of the distal medial striate artery. A study with cadaveric material / Evaluación morfológica de la arteria estriada medial distal. Un estudio con material cadavérico

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the morphology of the distal medial striated artery, taking into account biometric variables useful for clinical and surgical management. Methods: A descriptive transversal study was performed with a sample of brains, who underwent autopsy at the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Bucaramanga-Colombia, which were evaluated using the perfusion technique of vascular structures with polyester resin. Results: The distal medial striated artery was presented in 1.4% and 4.2% duplicated in the right and left hemispheres respectively. Agenesis was presented in 2.8% in the left hemisphere. Its origin was 44.6% of the anterior cerebral artery junction site with the anterior communicating artery and was observed in 6 cases (4.2%) presented with a common trunk with the orbitofrontal artery. The main qualitative finding was the sinuous trajectory that was observed in 57.7% on the right side and 45.1% in the left hemisphere. Also, an important alteration found at the biometric analysis was hypoplasia that could be related to the decreased blood supply to the basal nuclei. The diameter was 0.5 ± 0.2 mm and its total length was 20.3 ± 4.1 mm. Conclusions: The topographical knowledge of this structure determines the vulnerability of its morphology because it can complicate surgical procedures performed in the anterior segment of the arterial circle of the brain. Besides, the observed collateral circulation contributes to the blood supply and the perfect functionality of the subcortical nervous structures.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la morfología de la arteria estriada medial distal, teniendo en cuenta variables biométricas útiles para el manejo clínico y quirúrgico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con una muestra de cerebros que fueron sometidos a autopsia en el Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Bucaramanga-Colombia, fueron evaluados mediante la técnica de perfusión de estructuras vasculares con resina de poliéster. Resultados: La arteria estriada medial distal se presentó en 1.4% y 4.2% duplicada en el hemisferio derecho e izquierdo respectivamente. Agenesia se presentó en 2.8% en el hemisferio izquierdo. Su origen fue 44.6% del sitio de unión de la arteria cerebral anterior con la arteria comunicante anterior y se observó en 6 casos (4.2%) que presentaban un tronco común con la arteria orbitofrontal. El hallazgo principal fue la trayectoria sinuosa que se observó en 57.7% en el lado derecho y 45.1% en el hemisferio izquierdo. También una alteración importante encontrada en el análisis biométrico fue la hipoplasia que podría estar relacionada con la disminución del suministro de sangre a los núcleos basales. El diámetro fue de 0.5 ±0.2 mm y su longitud total fue de 20.3 ±4.1 mm. Conclusiones: El conocimiento topográfico de esta estructura determina la vulnerabilidad de su morfología, porque puede complicar los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados en el segmento anterior del círculo arterial del cerebro. Además, la circulación colateral observada contribuye al riego sanguíneo y al perfecto funcionamiento de las estructuras nerviosas subcorticales.

Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement.

The possibility of voyaging contact between prehistoric Polynesian and Native American populations has long intrigued researchers. Proponents have pointed to the existence of New World crops, such as the sweet potato and bottle gourd, in the Polynesian archaeological record, but nowhere else outside the pre-Columbian Americas1-6, while critics have argued that these botanical dispersals need not have been human mediated7. The Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl controversially suggested that prehistoric South American populations had an important role in the settlement of east Polynesia and particularly of Easter Island (Rapa Nui)2. Several limited molecular genetic studies have reached opposing conclusions, and the possibility continues to be as hotly contested today as it was when first suggested8-12. Here we analyse genome-wide variation in individuals from islands across Polynesia for signs of Native American admixture, analysing 807 individuals from 17 island populations and 15 Pacific coast Native American groups. We find conclusive evidence for prehistoric contact of Polynesian individuals with Native American individuals (around AD 1200) contemporaneous with the settlement of remote Oceania13-15. Our analyses suggest strongly that a single contact event occurred in eastern Polynesia, before the settlement of Rapa Nui, between Polynesian individuals and a Native American group most closely related to the indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.

Cross-cultural effects of parent warmth and control on aggression and rule-breaking from ages 8 to 13.

We investigated whether bidirectional associations between parental warmth and behavioral control and child aggression and rule-breaking behavior emerged in 12 cultural groups. Study participants included 1,298 children (M = 8.29 years, standard deviation [SD] = 0.66, 51% girls) from Shanghai, China (n = 121); Medellín, Colombia (n = 108); Naples (n = 100) and Rome (n = 103), Italy; Zarqa, Jordan (n = 114); Kisumu, Kenya (n = 100); Manila, Philippines (n = 120); Trollhättan/Vänersborg, Sweden (n = 101); Chiang Mai, Thailand (n = 120); and Durham, NC, United States (n = 111 White, n = 103 Black, n = 97 Latino) followed over 5 years (i.e., ages 8-13). Warmth and control were measured using the Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire, child aggression and rule-breaking were measured using the Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment. Multiple-group structural equation modeling was conducted. Associations between parent warmth and subsequent rule-breaking behavior were found to be more common across ontogeny and demonstrate greater variability across different cultures than associations between warmth and subsequent aggressive behavior. In contrast, the evocative effects of child aggressive behavior on subsequent parent warmth and behavioral control were more common, especially before age 10, than those of rule-breaking behavior. Considering the type of externalizing behavior, developmental time point, and cultural context is essential to understanding how parenting and child behavior reciprocally affect one another.

Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer Is Associated with Indigenous American Ancestry in Latin American Women.

Women of Latin American origin in the United States are more likely to be diagnosed with advanced breast cancer and have a higher risk of mortality than non-Hispanic White women. Studies in U.S. Latinas and Latin American women have reported a high incidence of HER2 positive (+) tumors; however, the factors contributing to this observation are unknown. Genome-wide genotype data for 1,312 patients from the Peruvian Genetics and Genomics of Breast Cancer Study (PEGEN-BC) were used to estimate genetic ancestry. We tested the association between HER2 status and genetic ancestry using logistic and multinomial logistic regression models. Findings were replicated in 616 samples from Mexico and Colombia. Average Indigenous American (IA) ancestry differed by subtype. In multivariate models, the odds of having an HER2+ tumor increased by a factor of 1.20 with every 10% increase in IA ancestry proportion (95% CI, 1.07-1.35; P = 0.001). The association between HER2 status and IA ancestry was independently replicated in samples from Mexico and Colombia. Results suggest that the high prevalence of HER2+ tumors in Latinas could be due in part to the presence of population-specific genetic variant(s) affecting HER2 expression in breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: The positive association between Indigenous American genetic ancestry and HER2+ breast cancer suggests that the high incidence of HER2+ subtypes in Latinas might be due to population and subtype-specific genetic risk variants.

Prevalence of GBA p.K198E mutation in Colombian and Hispanic populations.

We aimed to replicate a recent study that found a high frequency of the GBA p.K198E mutant in Colombian patients with PD. We identified the p.K198E substitution at a lower frequency in our cohort of Colombians with PD (2.1%), and this was not significantly different than controls (1.7%, P = 0.86) emphasizing the need for larger genetic studies in Latin America.

Identifying new lineages in the Y chromosome of Colombian Amazon indigenous populations.

OBJECTIVES: The Y chromosome has highly informative markers, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that are useful for making historical inferences about the settlement of the Americas. However, the scarcity of these markers has limited their use. This study aims to identify new SNPs and increase the phylogenetic resolution of haplogroup Q for the Americas, mainly focusing on the lineages of the Amazon region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Next-generation sequencing was performed on two Y chromosomes belonging to haplogroup Q-M3 using samples with divergent short tandem repeat haplotypes from the Colombian Amazon, and 14 of the new variants identified were selected for characterization in 207 samples of indigenous Colombians belonging to haplogroup Q-M3. RESULTS: This methodology allowed us to establish nine new lineages within Q-M3, including its paragroups. The most basal lineages were predominant in communities of Andean origin, such as the Embera-Katio, the Nasas, and the Pastos. In contrast, the most distal lineages were restricted to inhabitants of the Amazon region of Vaupés. DISCUSSION: The SNPs reported here advance the development of subhaplogroups of Q-M3 with a higher level of phylogenetic resolution than has been previously reported, which allowed the differentiation between populations that inhabit two regions of Vaupes area: the Pirá-Paraná region and the upper and middle sections of the Vaupés River, and the region encompassing the Papurí River and the lower Vaupés. They are very useful for the microevolutionary analysis of the Amerindian populations of Colombia and of the Americas.

Associations Between Perceived Material Deprivation, Parents' Discipline Practices, and Children's Behavior Problems: An International Perspective.

This study investigated the association between perceived material deprivation, children's behavior problems, and parents' disciplinary practices. The sample included 1,418 8- to 12-year-old children and their parents in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Multilevel mixed- and fixed-effects regression models found that, even when income remained stable, perceived material deprivation was associated with children's externalizing behavior problems and parents' psychological aggression. Parents' disciplinary practices mediated a small share of the association between perceived material deprivation and children's behavior problems. There were no differences in these associations between mothers and fathers or between high- and low- and middle-income countries. These results suggest that material deprivation likely influences children's outcomes at any income level.

The Effect of Cultural Differences in Psychophysiological Stress Response in High Education Context: A Pilot Study.

The simulation scenarios are increasingly being used to assess professional competences in health sciences at university level. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of differences in the stress psychophysiological response of Psychology degree students from Spain and Colombia undergoing to clinical practice. Multiple psychophysiological measures were obtained in a sample of 25 Colombian and Spanish Psychology students undergoing to simulation scenario. Differences in the initial level of stress and habituation process as reported by self-reported and psychophysiological measurements as discussed. Differences in stress-related psychological traits are also analyzed and further discussed.